Magnitude, orientation, and point of application of the loads at joints influence the stresses, bending moments, and rotational moments of the implant, and are critical for the implant stability and _______

Magnitude, orientation, and point of application of the loads at joints influence the stresses, bending moments, and rotational moments of the implant, and are critical for the implant stability and _______

Answer: longevity

The inferior glenohumeral ligament has the most functional significance, acting as the primary anterior_______of the shoulder when the arm is abducted 90 degrees.

The inferior glenohumeral ligament has the most functional significance, acting as the primary anterior_______of the shoulder when the arm is abducted 90 degrees.

Answer: stabilizer

Any deviation from the anatomical posture generates increased tension in soft tissue and increased loading on the_______structures.

Any deviation from the anatomical posture generates increased tension in soft tissue and increased loading on the_______structures.

Answer: skeletal

Most bone fractures are produced by a combination of several_______modes.

Most bone fractures are produced by a combination of several_______modes.

Answer: loading

With the elbow bent, the_______normally has a range of 140-180 degrees of rotation available.

With the elbow bent, the_______normally has a range of 140-180 degrees of rotation available.

Answer: forearm

There is more mobility than stability in the_______joint.

There is more mobility than stability in the_______joint.

Answer: shoulder

The first and second ribs have a particular influence on the shoulder and the neck due to_______muscle attachments, nerve and blood supplies.

The first and second ribs have a particular influence on the shoulder and the neck due to_______muscle attachments, nerve and blood supplies.

Answer: interrelating

The thoracic spine consists of twelve vertebrae to which the ribs connect. The_______of the thoracic vertebrae permit all movements: flexion/extension, rotation and lateral bending.

The thoracic spine consists of twelve vertebrae to which the ribs connect. The_______of the thoracic vertebrae permit all movements: flexion/extension, rotation and lateral bending.

Answer: Joints

Upper neck- set up position with both hands supporting clients head, gently lift head and side shift it directly to the side away from the point. Do not rotate or bend head sideways. Clients face stays in line with front of torso. Gently curve the neck and head around point by _____ sideways and extending the head in one fluid movement.

Upper neck- set up position with both hands supporting clients head, gently lift head and side shift it directly to the side away from the point. Do not rotate or bend head sideways. Clients face stays in line with front of torso. Gently curve the neck and head around point by _____ sideways and extending the head in one fluid movement.

Answer: rotating

______ bones ,_______carpals, _______. metacarpals, _______phalanges.

______ bones ,_______carpals, _______. metacarpals, _______phalanges.

Answer: 27, 8,5,4

_______ of the upper abdominals will depress the chest and tend to pull the shoulder forward, interfering with the test.

_______ of the upper abdominals will depress the chest and tend to pull the shoulder forward, interfering with the test.

Answer: Tightness

The_______connects with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint and with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

The_______connects with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint and with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

Answer: scapula

They are_______oriented so that their directions of pull can produce rotatory as well as linear motions of the bone.

They are_______oriented so that their directions of pull can produce rotatory as well as linear motions of the bone.

Answer: obliquely

The_______joint permits motion in the anterior and posterior directions about a longitudinal axis, in the cranial and caudal directions about a sagittal axis, and in rotation about a coronal axis.

The_______joint permits motion in the anterior and posterior directions about a longitudinal axis, in the cranial and caudal directions about a sagittal axis, and in rotation about a coronal axis.

Answer: sternoclavicular

______ : connects the sternum with sternal ends of 10 ribs (seven directly and three indirectly).

______ : connects the sternum with sternal ends of 10 ribs (seven directly and three indirectly).

Answer: sternocostal

The_______joints are trochoid or pivot joints formed by the union of the radius and the ulna, both proximally and distally.

The_______joints are trochoid or pivot joints formed by the union of the radius and the ulna, both proximally and distally.

Answer: radioulnar

The_______plexus arises just lateral to the scalenus anterior muscle.

The_______plexus arises just lateral to the scalenus anterior muscle.

Answer: brachial

______- it draws the clavicle downward and stabilizes it.

______- it draws the clavicle downward and stabilizes it.

Answer: Subclavius

_____- this muscle is considered by many to be the most important accessory muscle of inspiration.

_____- this muscle is considered by many to be the most important accessory muscle of inspiration.

Answer: Sternocleidomastoid

Some people exhibit excessive extension in which the lumbar spine curves_______in an anterior direction and assumes a position of marked lordosis.

Some people exhibit excessive extension in which the lumbar spine curves_______in an anterior direction and assumes a position of marked lordosis.

Answer: convexly

In forward bending, some people exhibit excessive flexion in which the lumbar spine curves convexly in a posterior direction and assumes a position of lumbar _______

In forward bending, some people exhibit excessive flexion in which the lumbar spine curves convexly in a posterior direction and assumes a position of lumbar _______

Answer: kyphosis

The_______posture is one in which the hip joint is in extension and the hamstrings are strong and usually short.

The_______posture is one in which the hip joint is in extension and the hamstrings are strong and usually short.

Answer: Flat-back

In the_______posture, however, there is an increased posterior curve in the thoracic and thoracolumbar regions.

In the_______posture, however, there is an increased posterior curve in the thoracic and thoracolumbar regions.

Answer: sway-back

Hip extensors consist of the one-joint gluteus maximus and the two- joint_______muscles.

Hip extensors consist of the one-joint gluteus maximus and the two- joint_______muscles.

Answer: hamstring

Tight low back muscles cause an anterior tilt of the pelvis, and they hold the low back in a position of _______.

Tight low back muscles cause an anterior tilt of the pelvis, and they hold the low back in a position of _______.

Answer: lordosis

Tight one joint hip ___ cause an anterior tilt of the pelvis in standing.

Tight one joint hip ___ cause an anterior tilt of the pelvis in standing.

Answer: flexors

The sacroiliac joint is supported by strong _______

The sacroiliac joint is supported by strong _______

Answer: ligaments

______ strain is the most common type of low back problem.

______ strain is the most common type of low back problem.

Answer: Lumbosacral

As a result,_______of faulty posture must include examination of the entire body.

As a result,_______of faulty posture must include examination of the entire body.

Answer: evaluation

Because the_______abdominal muscles are essentially fan-shaped, one part of a muscle may function in a somewhat different role than another part of the same muscle.

Because the_______abdominal muscles are essentially fan-shaped, one part of a muscle may function in a somewhat different role than another part of the same muscle.

Answer: oblique

Directions of Fibers:_______across the lower abdomen.

Directions of Fibers:_______across the lower abdomen.

Answer: Transversely

Rectus Abdominis: Origin: pubic crest and _______

Rectus Abdominis: Origin: pubic crest and _______

Answer: symphysis

Origin: iliolumbar ligament,_______crest.

Origin: iliolumbar ligament,_______crest.

Answer: iliac

There are two main groups of_______muscles in lateral opposition: The leg abductors and the lateral trunk.

There are two main groups of_______muscles in lateral opposition: The leg abductors and the lateral trunk.

Answer: pelvic

An_______pelvic tilt is a position of the pelvis in which the_______plane through the anterior-superior-iliac spines is posterior to plane through the symphysis pubis.

An_______pelvic tilt is a position of the pelvis in which the_______plane through the anterior-superior-iliac spines is posterior to plane through the symphysis pubis.

Answer: Anterior

From a standing position with the feet approximately 4 inches apart, the body erect, and arms at the sides, normal_______flexion (i.e bending directly sideways) will allow finger tips to reach approximately to the level of the knee.

From a standing position with the feet approximately 4 inches apart, the body erect, and arms at the sides, normal_______flexion (i.e bending directly sideways) will allow finger tips to reach approximately to the level of the knee.

Answer: lateral

The atlanto-occipital joint, which is between the condyles of the occipital and the superior facets of the atlas, is classified as a_______joint.

The atlanto-occipital joint, which is between the condyles of the occipital and the superior facets of the atlas, is classified as a_______joint.

Answer: condyloid

In tightness of the_______neck muscles: headaches associated with this comes under two headings, occipital headache and tension headache and tension headache.

In tightness of the_______neck muscles: headaches associated with this comes under two headings, occipital headache and tension headache and tension headache.

Answer: posterior

A small child's foot is normally flat when beginning to stand and walk. By age six or seven one may except good_______formation.

A small child's foot is normally flat when beginning to stand and walk. By age six or seven one may except good_______formation.

Answer: Arch

Postural ___ results from a combination of medial rotation of the _____ pronation of the feet and hyperextension of the knees.

Postural ___ results from a combination of medial rotation of the _____ pronation of the feet and hyperextension of the knees.

Answer: Bowlegs

The muscles that maintain good alignment of the pelvis, both antero posteriorly and laterally, are of utmost importance in_______good overall alignment.

The muscles that maintain good alignment of the pelvis, both antero posteriorly and laterally, are of utmost importance in_______good overall alignment.

Answer: maintaining

Body mechanics is a_______concerned with the static and dynamic forces acting on the body.

Body mechanics is a_______concerned with the static and dynamic forces acting on the body.

Answer: science

Gravity Line- around this line, the body is hypothetically in a position of _______.

Gravity Line- around this line, the body is hypothetically in a position of _______.

Answer: equilibrium

In the standard _______, the spine presents the normal curves, and the bones of the lower extremities are in ideal alignment for weight bearing.

In the standard _______, the spine presents the normal curves, and the bones of the lower extremities are in ideal alignment for weight bearing.

Answer: position

Anterior tilt of the head results in flexion(_______) of the cervical spine and posterior tilt results in extension.

Anterior tilt of the head results in flexion(_______) of the cervical spine and posterior tilt results in extension.

Answer: flattening

______ refers to movement around a longitudinal axis, in a transverse plane, for all areas of the body except the scapula and clavicle.

______ refers to movement around a longitudinal axis, in a transverse plane, for all areas of the body except the scapula and clavicle.

Answer: rotation

______ is the movement that successively combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in which the part being moved describes a cone.

______ is the movement that successively combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in which the part being moved describes a cone.

Answer: circumduction

The point at which the three_______of the body intersect is the center of gravity.

The point at which the three_______of the body intersect is the center of gravity.

Answer: midplanes

______ axis - the movement of abduction and adduction take place about this axis in a coronal plane.

______ axis - the movement of abduction and adduction take place about this axis in a coronal plane.

Answer: Sagittal

Evaluation and treating postural problems requires and understanding of basic_______relating to alignment, joints, and muscles.

Evaluation and treating postural problems requires and understanding of basic_______relating to alignment, joints, and muscles.

Answer: principles

According to the classic text, to determine the speed of the pulse the normal speed is __

According to the classic text, to determine the speed of the pulse the normal speed is __

Answer: 4

What type of segment would a hyperopic presbyopia tolerate?

What type of segment would a hyperopic presbyopia tolerate?

Answer: Round top or down curve

What type of segment would a myopic presbyopia tolerate?

What type of segment would a myopic presbyopia tolerate?

Answer: Flat top

Which bifocal design results in NO prismatic jump?

Which bifocal design results in NO prismatic jump?

Answer: Executive design - monocentric bifocal.

How can prismatic jump be minimised?

How can prismatic jump be minimised?

Answer: By designing the lens so that the optical centre of the near portion lies near the junction of the two portions.

Why won't anisometropia tolerated bifocals well?

Why won't anisometropia tolerated bifocals well?

Answer: The prismatic effect on each eye will be different --> diplopia, uncomfortable binocular vision.

How can prismatic effect at the NVP be minimised?

How can prismatic effect at the NVP be minimised?

Answer: By designing the lens so that the opitcal centre of the near segment overlies the NVP of the main lens exactly so that the segment contribute no additional prism above that of the main lens.

What contributes to the prismatic effect (image displacement) at the NVP?

What contributes to the prismatic effect (image displacement) at the NVP?

Answer:

The prismatic effect due to the main lens
The prismatic effect due to the near segment at this point.

What happens if the optical centres of the distance and near portions of a bifocal lens coincide with the DVP and NVP?

What happens if the optical centres of the distance and near portions of a bifocal lens coincide with the DVP and NVP?

Answer: Prismatic jump

With sclera expansion inserts, ___ superficial incisions in the ____ of the sclera are made. Implants are placed ____ the sclera causing a slight ___ in the sclera. This reduces the ___ of the underlying ___ muscle that surrounds the lens.

With sclera expansion inserts,  ___ superficial incisions in the ____ of the sclera are made. Implants are placed ____ the sclera causing a slight ___ in the sclera. This reduces the ___ of the underlying ___ muscle that surrounds the lens.

Answer:

1. 4
2. Quadrants
3. Inside
4. Lift
5. Crowding
6. Ciliary

These were developed according to Schachter's theory.

These were developed according to Schachter's theory.

Answer: Sclera expansion inserts

1 hour post op CK, a band of ___ forms between the spots, creating a _____ effect.

1 hour post op CK, a band of ___ forms between the spots, creating a _____ effect.

Answer:

Striae
"Purse string"

CK ____ form 1 hour post-op.

CK ____ form 1 hour post-op.

Answer: Spots

Once a pt. Has CK done, over time, do the eyes become more hyperopic or myopic?

Once a pt. Has CK done, over time, do the eyes become more hyperopic or myopic?

Answer: Hyperopic

Is CK permanent?

Is CK permanent?

Answer: No

During CK, ___ is created to induce ___ to ___ of MYOPIA in the non-dominant eye.

During CK, ___ is created to induce ___ to ___ of MYOPIA in the non-dominant eye.

Answer:

1. Monovision 
2. -1.00 D
3. -1.50 D

The wounds from CK shrink the stromal tissue, ___ the central cornea.

The wounds from CK shrink the stromal tissue, ___ the central cornea.

Answer: Steepening

During CK, a ___-thin probe delivers radiofrequency energy to the ____ of the peripheral cornea in a ____ pattern (8 to 32 spots) of ___ eye.

During CK, a ___-thin probe delivers radiofrequency energy to the ____ of the peripheral cornea in a ____ pattern (8 to 32 spots) of ___ eye.

Answer:

1. Hair
2. Stroma
3. Ring
4. One

Another term for conductive keratoplasty (CK)

Another term for conductive keratoplasty (CK)

Answer: Corneal remodeling

During this procedure, a hair-thin probe delivers radio frequency energy to the stroma of the peripheral cornea in a ring pattern (8 or 32 spots) of one eye.

During this procedure, a hair-thin probe delivers radio frequency energy to the stroma of the peripheral cornea in a ring pattern (8 or 32 spots) of one eye.

Answer: CK

Two types of surgical treatments to "correct" presbyopia

Two types of surgical treatments to "correct" presbyopia

Answer:

1. LASIK monovision
2. Corneal remodeling or conductive keratoplasty (CK)

T/F LASIK monovision can be used to "correct" presbyopia

T/F LASIK monovision can be used to "correct" presbyopia

Answer: True

Type of intraocular lens in which contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle moves the IOL to restore accommodation

Type of intraocular lens in which contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle moves the IOL to restore accommodation

Answer: Accommodating IOLS

Diffractive lenses (type of intraocular lens) has been shown to results in excellent ____ VA, with high rates of spectacle ____

Diffractive lenses (type of intraocular lens) has been shown to results in excellent ____ VA, with high rates of spectacle ____

Answer:

• Uncorrected
• Freedom

This type of lens has been shown to result in excellent uncorrected visual acuity

This type of lens has been shown to result in excellent uncorrected visual acuity

Answer: Diffractive lenses

Found in special diffractive lenses

Found in special diffractive lenses

• Creates a smooth transition between distance and close up focal points that provides a quality range of vision
• Apodization

Diffractive lenses feature _____ technology.

Diffractive lenses feature _____ technology.

Answer: Apodization

2 types of Special intraocular lenses

2 types of Special intraocular lenses

Answer: Diffractive, accommodating IOLS

Three types of contact lenses used to "correct" presbyopia

Three types of contact lenses used to "correct" presbyopia

Answer: Bifocal, multifocal, monovision

Rule of thumb: patient should be able to sustain up to ____ of their total amplitude of accommodation.

Rule of thumb: patient should be able to sustain up to ____ of their total amplitude of accommodation.

Answer: Half

Two types of spectacle lenses used to "correct" presbyopia

Two types of spectacle lenses used to "correct" presbyopia

Answer:

1. Traditional bifocals
2. Progressive addition lenses (PALs)

4 ways to "correct" presbyopia

4 ways to "correct" presbyopia

1) spectacle lenses (Bifocals, PALs)
2) contact lens (multifocal and mono vision)
3) special intraocular lenses
4) surgery

T/F Schachter's theory is controversial and unproven

T/F Schachter's theory is controversial and unproven

Answer: True

Schachar proposed that presbyopia is caused by the lens being too ____ for the ciliary muscle to have enough of an effect.

Schachar proposed that presbyopia is caused by the lens being too ____ for the ciliary muscle to have enough of an effect.

Answer: Big

This person proposed that presbyopia is caused by the lens being too big for the ciliary muscle to have enough of an effect

This person proposed that presbyopia is caused by the lens being too big for the ciliary muscle to have enough of an effect

Answer: Schachar

Theory which states that the lens continues to grow throughout life

Theory which states that the lens continues to grow throughout life

Answer: Schachter's theory of presbyopia

___ suggested that the _____ hardens with age and ___ accommodative ability.

___ suggested that the _____ hardens with age and ___ accommodative ability.

Answer:

1. Helmholtz
2. Crystalline lens
3. Reduces

This person first suggested that in the young eye, contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to "round up" producing accommodation

This person first suggested that in the young eye, contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to "round up" producing accommodation

Answer: Helmholtz

The ___ and the ____ increase in stiffness with age

The ___ and the ____ increase in stiffness with age

Answer:

1. Cortex
2. Nucleus

With age, the radius of curvature of the ____ anterior surface ___

With age, the radius of curvature of the ____ anterior surface ___

Answer:

1. Central
2. Decreases

With age, the AXIAL THICKNESS of the lens ____

With age, the AXIAL THICKNESS of the lens ____

Answer: Increases

What are the 4 classifications of presbyopia?

What are the 4 classifications of presbyopia?

Answer:

1. Incipient
2. Functional
3. Absolute
4. Premature

Accommodative ability becomes insufficient for the pt's near vision tasks at an earlier age than expected due to environmental, nutritional, disease- related, or drug-induced causes

Accommodative ability becomes insufficient for the pt's near vision tasks at an earlier age than expected due to environmental, nutritional, disease- related, or drug-induced causes

Answer: Premature presbyopia

The condition in which virtually no accommodative ability remains

The condition in which virtually no accommodative ability remains

Answer: Absolute presbyopia

Stage of presbyopia in which adult patients, when faced with gradually declining accommodative amplitude and continued near task demands, eventually report visual difficulties that clinical findings confirm as ____

Stage of presbyopia in which adult patients, when faced with gradually declining accommodative amplitude and continued near task demands, eventually report visual difficulties that clinical findings confirm as ____

Answer: Functional presbyopia

Stage of presbyopia in which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition

Stage of presbyopia in which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition

Answer: Incipient presbyopia

The earliest stage of presbyopia

The earliest stage of presbyopia

Answer: Incipient presbyopia

Presbyopia necessitates a ____ lens addition to perform ____ tasks.

Presbyopia necessitates a ____ lens addition to perform ____ tasks.

Answer: Plus, Near

A decline in accommodative ability that occurs NORMALLY with age.

A decline in accommodative ability that occurs NORMALLY with age.

Answer: Presbyopia

Amplitude of accommodation ____ with age.

Amplitude of accommodation ____ with age.

Answer: Decreases